ABSTRACT
Background: The growing prevalence of obesity among school adolescents is a major public health concern. It can be seen mostly as a result of modifiable risk factors like lack of required physical activity and rapid change in dietary habits among them.Methods: The present cross sectional descriptive study was done among adolescents studying in schools (government and private) of Bhopal city. School adolescents were classified as obese and non-obese as per the WHO criteria used for obesity in South East Asia Region (SEAR). Pre-tested, self-administered questionnaire was used to collect data which comprised of socio demographic information and various dietary habits like frequent consumption of fast & fried food, bakery products and little dietary behavior.Results: Out of total 6.6% obese school adolescents, majority of them consume fast foods (82%), fried foods (89%) and bakery products (79.5%) and all of these were positively associated with increased risk of obesity. Few eating behaviours like skipping breakfast, frequent snacking and eating outside were also found positively associated.Conclusions: There is definitely a major role of dietary habits for increased risk of obesity among school adolescents. So, it is the need of hour to create awareness among school adolescents regarding their dietary habits.
ABSTRACT
Background: Tuberculosis is global health problem known since ancient times. Drug-resistant TB has been known from the time of anti-TB drugs were first introduced for the treatment of TB. The emergence of drug resistant tuberculosis particularly MDR TB has become significant health problem worldwide and an obstacle to effective tuberculosis control. Line Probe Assay (LPA) is a Nucleic Acid Amplification Test (NAAT) which provides rapid diagnosis of R and H resistance and yield results in 72 hours.Literature on drug resistant pattern in patients who are previously treated for tuberculosis and/or suspected MDR cases with Line Probe Assay method are not studied hence this study was carried out. Aims and objectives: To know the drug resistance pattern of Rifampicin and Isoniazid in previously treated pulmonary tuberculosis cases and correlating with the demographic characteristics of patients. Methods: This study was carried out in department of Respiratory Medicine, Mahatma Gandhi Medical College and Hospital, Jaipur in AFB smear positive patients of pulmonary tuberculosis who have previously taken treatment, before reporting at OPD/IPD. The exclusion criterion was new cases of pulmonary tuberculosis. Detailed history, examination and investigations were carried out. The diagnosis of active pulmonary TB was based sputum smear examination by Ziehl - Nelson staining method. Sputum smear positive cases were subjected to line probe assay to detect resistant pattern at RNTCP accredited laboratory (SMS Medical College and Hospital, Jaipur). Results: A total of 175 previously treated sputum smear AFB positive patients of pulmonary tuberculosis were taken in this study. Out of which 141(80%) were males and 34(20%) cases were females with male : female ratio 4:1 and maximum cases (43.4%) belonged to 31-45 age group with mean age 38 years. Majority of cases belonged to rural area and lower middle class group. More than 2/3rd cases were smokers (72%) among male. Out of 175 cases, 100(57.1%) cases were drug resistant, 75(42.8%) cases were drug sensitive. Line probe assay with regard to resistant pattern was highest in grade +3 sputum (100%) followed by grade +2(98%) and grade +1(96%), while least in scanty sputum positive cases (3%). Resistance to Isoniazid (H), Rifampicin(R) and Both (H+R) were seen in 27%, 14% and 59% respectively. Half of patients (56%) out of total resistance belonged to default category of previously treated pulmonary tuberculosis cases. Resistance to H (27 cases) were 62.5% in relapse, 33.3% in default and 11% in failure cases. Out of R resistance (14 cases), 63% and 37% were in relapse and default cases. Out of 59 cases of H+R resistance 65% belonged to failure category and 20% default and 15% relapse category. Conclusion: Line Probe Assay (LPA) provides accurate and rapid diagnosis of R and H resistance and is recommended for diagnosis of DR-TB in previously treated pulmonary tuberculosis patients.
ABSTRACT
Exertional dyspnoea is a common symptom among middle-aged population. Diagnostic evaluation of such patients is often challenging and confusing. We report a patient presenting with exertional dyspnoea and an obstructive ventilatory defect on spirometry that was refractory to bronchodilator therapy. Careful review of the chest radiograph and spirometry pointed towards variable intra-thoracic airways obstruction as a cause of dyspnoea. Contrast enhanced computed tomography (CECT) of the thorax and bronchoscopy established the diagnosis of a right-sided aortic arch resulting in tracheobronchial compression and tracheomalacia.